Randomized Trialhigh evidence
Single-step versus multi-step intranasal naloxone devices for overdose response: A randomized usability study in an at-risk population.
The American journal of emergency medicine·September 1, 2026·PMID 42139771
Why it mattersTake-home naloxone programs often rely on lay responders who may not receive structured training. Device complexity can critically affect overdose response success and speed, directly impacting survival.

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