Systematic Reviewhigh evidence
Bone morphogenetic protein, platelet-rich plasma, and bone marrow aspiration concentrate in the treatment of bone delayed union or nonunion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
European journal of medical research·November 28, 2025·PMID 41316346
Why it mattersPain specialists managing complex orthopedic patients often encounter delayed union/nonunion. This synthesis clarifies which biologic adjuncts may optimize healing, aiding in multidisciplinary decision-making and patient counseling.
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