Randomized Trialhigh evidence
Single Epidural Analgesia With Opioid-free IV-PCA Reduces Opioid Consumption in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Randomized, Multicenter Trial.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research·July 1, 2026·PMID 41800926
Why it mattersThis trial provides Level I evidence that a simple, single-shot epidural technique can drastically cut perioperative opioid use without compromising pain control, directly supporting opioid stewardship efforts in spine surgery.
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