Basic Sciencemoderate evidence
Engineered extracellular vesicles reprogram T cells by targeting PD-1 and PHB1 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease.
Signal transduction and targeted therapy·December 25, 2025·PMID 41444211
Why it mattersCurrent IBD therapies often fail to achieve complete remission and cause systemic immunosuppression. This cell-free approach offers a targeted strategy to reprogram pathogenic T cells locally in the gut, potentially overcoming these limitations by simultaneously engaging the PD-1 checkpoint and modulating mitochondrial function in Th17 cells.
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