Randomized Trialmoderate evidence
Effects of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Temperature, Mood, Reactive Agility and Cognitive Measures in Males: A Standardized Approach.
Nutrients·August 25, 2026·PMID 42738944
Why it mattersCaffeine is widely used to enhance morning alertness and performance, but its benefits may be absent in individuals with low habitual intake. This study provides controlled evidence that acute caffeine does not improve cognitive or physical performance in this population, informing realistic expectations for patients and athletes.

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