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Early outcomes with a flexible ECAP based closed loop using multiplexed spinal cord stimulation waveforms-single-arm study with in-clinic randomized crossover testing.

Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)·November 1, 2025·PMID 40378232

Why it matters

Overstimulation and under-stimulation from fixed-amplitude SCS can compromise comfort and pain relief. This closed-loop system dynamically adjusts stimulation, potentially improving consistency and patient experience, especially with multiplexed waveforms.

Infographic summary of Early outcomes with a flexible ECAP based closed loop using multiplexed spinal cord stimulation waveforms-single-arm study with in-clinic randomized crossover testing.
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