Cohort Studyhigh evidence
Circulating metabolomic signatures of ultra-processed and minimally processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: 20-year follow-up in the Whitehall II cohort.
BMC medicine·July 21, 2026·PMID 42482054
Why it mattersMetabolomic signatures provide objective biomarkers of dietary intake and reveal biological pathways linking food processing to cardiometabolic disease. These signatures partially explain how UPF and MPF affect CVD and diabetes risk, offering potential targets for risk stratification and dietary intervention.

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