Randomized Trialhigh evidence
Perioperative Nitric Oxide Conditioning Reduces Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (the DEFENDER Trial): A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Anesthesiology·August 1, 2025·PMID 40203179
Why it mattersCardiac surgery patients with CKD are at high risk for AKI, which worsens long-term outcomes. This trial provides evidence that a simple, safe pharmacologic intervention can reduce AKI and slow renal decline, addressing a critical unmet need in perioperative care.
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