Cohort Studyhigh evidence
Macrovascular and microvascular outcomes of metabolic surgery versus GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with diabetes and obesity.
Nature medicine·October 1, 2025·PMID 40957960
Why it mattersIt provides the first direct long-term comparison of metabolic surgery against GLP-1 receptor agonists, showing that surgery may offer superior cardiorenal protection even in the modern pharmacotherapy era.

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