Randomized Trialhigh evidence
Differential Time-of-Day Effects of Caffeine Capsule and Mouth Rinse on Physical Performance and Volleyball-Specific Skills in Adolescent Male Volleyball Players.
Nutrients·May 9, 2026·PMID 42196973
Why it mattersCaffeine timing can be strategically used to offset morning performance dips in adolescent athletes, and mouth rinsing provides an option for those who prefer to avoid ingestion or gastrointestinal side effects.
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