Randomized Trialhigh evidence
Curb your enthusiasm: Positive expectations negatively interact with prefrontal tDCS effects on attentional control, working memory, and emotion regulation in healthy individuals.
Brain stimulation·January 1, 2026·PMID 41935623
Why it mattersPrefrontal tDCS is used for depression and cognitive enhancement, but outcomes vary. This study shows that positive expectations can paradoxically worsen tDCS effects on cognition and emotion in healthy individuals, highlighting the need to assess and manage expectations in both research and clinical tDCS applications.
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